Organizational Characteristics Essay Example for Free

Waste Management Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Squander Management Practices - Essay Example Be that as it may, they were insufficient to tackle the clean issues of the ever-expanding age. The MSW age rate expanded from 2.7 pounds per individual every day in late twentieth century to around 4.5 pounds per individual every day (United States, 2002). It at that point settled to this sum because of different approaches and techniques for proficient administration systems. The origin of The Solid Waste Disposal Act and later, Environmental Protection Agency were two significant achievements, since they prompted talks and thoughts regarding waste removal which lead to decrease in age and appropriate administration. Source decrease was additionally one of the techniques conveyed by the United States. It intended to structure items that decreased poisonousness upon wastage and included reuse of items and treating the soil of yard trimmings. This incredibly diminished the age of MSW. Another strategy that managed administration of waste and decrease in MSW age is reusing, and the expense demand. Reusing included reusing of plastic and paper †a technique normally utilized and elevated to date and duty demands prompted decrease in removal of waste. Subsequently, these achievements have advanced in making an increasingly sterile, sound United States of

How to Choose Capitalism Essay Topics

How to Choose Capitalism Essay TopicsNowadays, you can choose Capitalism essay topics that will help you make your college essays easier. There are different factors that you have to consider and the right subjects for your essay will help you be more productive and deliver a better essay.The first factor that you should consider when choosing a topic for your essay is whether the topic is about the ideals of Capitalism or whether it is an analysis of the actual practices of Capitalism. In this case, if you want to discuss the actual practices of Capitalism, you should choose a topic that is directly related to your topic. This can either be a history of Capitalism or an analysis of Capitalism.It is important to note that Capitalism essay topics do not have to be about the actual practice of Capitalism itself. However, it is very good to make a brief outline on what Capitalism is all about and how the ideology and the philosophy of Capitalism works.Another factor that you should cons ider in your choice of Capitalism essay topics is the situation in which you would like to write the essay. First of all, if you are writing an essay for class assignments, you should choose a topic that is more closely related to the topic of your assignment.If you are taking a Liberal Arts College, you should consider topics that are closely related to the specific courses you are taking. If you are taking Business Administration, you can choose topics that will be useful for Business Administration subjects.Finally, another factor that you should consider in your selection of Capitalism essay topics is the time and place where you will be writing your essay. If you are planning to write an essay for a University level course, you should avoid Capitalism topics since it will be too detailed and it may not be an appropriate topic for them. However, if you are going to write an essay for a college level class, you can write about a broad topic.It is best to research the topics that are required for the class before writing your Capitalism essay. Remember, the class course will have specific rules about the topics that will be used for the entire semester.Another final note to mention is that it is always best to write from your own point of view. Your own perspective will give you a deeper understanding of Capitalism and the ideology that it represents and helps you write a more rounded and original essay.

Radiation Exposure Of Women And Children Essay - 1250 Words

Three different independent studies involve ultraviolet exposure to cohorts of women and children. The paper will use the following studies to determine if exposure to ultraviolet radiation is causal of skin cancer. The first cohort study, Cumulative ultraviolet radiation flux in adulthood and risk of incident skin cancers in women (Wu S, Han J, Vleugels RA, et al., 2014), is a prospective study established in 1976 which follows a cohort of 121,700 registered nurses all of which filled out a questionnaire with risks of chronic diseases. The cohort which was named NHS included participants aged 30-55 years of age who resided within 11 different US states and by the conclusion participants resided in every state with a follow-up rate of 96%. Disease was defined as skin cancer and reported as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma (Medical records only collected from those with BCC or melanoma). The exposure of UV Flux (estimation of UVB radiation and UV A radiation) was estimated based on location of participants and the annual UV flux data for a participant s respective location. The second cohort study, Sun damage in ultraviolet photographs correlates with phenotypic melanoma risk factors in 12-year-old children (Gamble RG, Asdigian NL, Aalborg J, et al., 2011), is a prospective study from 2011 which follows a cohort of 1,145 children ages 11-12 born from January 1988 to September 1988. The children wore no sun protection, had their facesShow MoreRelatedAutism Relates to Exposure to Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation for Pregnant Woman936 Words   |  4 PagesPregnant women have a higher risk to exposure of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation because of the many procedures that they have to go through for their medical procedures (Williams, 2010). Some of the nonionizing exposures could include radio frequencies, microwaves and especially ultrasounds in women when going for their monthly checkups. When looking at ionizing radiation, in utero exposure could be carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic (Williams, 2010). Carcinogenic is radiation that Read MoreMobile Phone Radiation Affects Our Health Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagesuse has made it urgent to determine whether or not mobile phone radiation poses a health hazard. The question of whether mobile phone radiation affects our health has been surrounded by controversy since the introduction of mobile phones. For several years, the World Health Organization (WHO) has assured people that there are no significant risks stemming from repeated use of mobile phones. However, it included mobile phone radiation to the list of carcinogenic substances in the year 2011. A carcinogenicRead MoreThe Effects Of Long Term Radiation Related Health On A Unique Human Population1347 Words   |  6 Pages Long-term Radiation-Related Health Effects in a Unique Human Population Journal Article Review We learned about the end World War 2 and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with the atomic bomb but rarely do people talk about the affect effects of what happened after that to the people who were affected by the bombs. This scholarly journal titled: â€Å"Long-term Radiation-Related Health Effects in a Unique Human Population: Lessons Learned from the Atomic Bomb Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki†Read MoreLeukemia1485 Words   |  6 Pagesand lifestyle factors can also lead to leukemia such as childhood obesity. Factors that may increase your risk of developing some types of leukemia include: previous cancer treatments such as radiation therapy, genetic disorders or abnormalities such as Down syndrome or LEUKEMIA 3 obesity, exposure to certain chemicals such as benzene, which is found in gasoline, family history of leukemia and most commonly smoking cigarettes (Mayo Clinic, 2016). Leukemia is a group of cancers that usuallyRead MoreEssay about Many Causes of Cancer948 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between age and cancer formation. The old people are more susceptible to have cancer than the young people because they have weak immune systems, and they also have been exposing to cancer-causing agents more than the young people and children. Although the age and cancer are positively related, it is not necessarily that each old person will have cancer. 3. Life styles and bad habits There are many factors that could be included in bad life styles and habits, and may cause cancer. TheRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of a Cellular Tower Essay717 Words   |  3 Pageseffects of RF signals. There is always a specific threshold level of radiation to cause mayhem to public health. And as per standards set by the governing bodies the energy level emitted by cell phone towers are lower than what we are actually exposed to in our homes since appliances such as microwave ovens emits much higher radiation. Moreover the energy radiating from cell tower is much less as compared to other types of radiation UV rays , X rays which can cause cancer. The Cell Tower and cellRead MoreThe Risks of Tanning and Ultraviolet Radiation818 Words   |  3 Pagespeople who go to tanning salons are Caucasian girls and women, aged from sixteen to twenty- nine years. Out of about twenty- eight million people who tan indoors, about twenty- three million are teens. In 2010, the indoor tanning industry’s revenue was estimated to be $2.6 billion† (AAD). Exposure to ultraviolet radiation substantially increases an individual’s risk of health problems and irreversible skin damage. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is present in normal sunlight and sunlamps. â€Å"The sun emitsRead MoreRadiation and Tyroid Cancer Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesFor decades, the effects of radiation has been studied by doctors around the world. X-rays are used in the medical and dental field to take radiographs of certain parts of a persons body. Some have become concerned of the long term and short term effects of having x-rays taken because of the radiation that is exposed. Since the rise of concern, studies have been done to find any type of link between cancer and radiation from x-rays. Specifically, in dental x-rays, researchers have been performingRead MorePrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent factors such as the amount of exposure that the fetus is in contact with, heredity, and any other negative influences. Many teratogens are only damaging during the sensitive periods of prenatal development. Fetus’ that are exposed to ha rmful teratogens are at a much higher risk of having birth defects. Some Teratogens include alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. Alcohol consumption of pregnant women can have very adverse effects on the developing fetus. Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause severe brainRead MoreMarie Curie s Life And Accomplishments1583 Words   |  7 Pagesinspiration to many women because of her dedication to scientific discovery that resulted in her being the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. It was, and still is, difficult for women to establish themselves in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) field as related professions have historically been male dominated. However, Marie Curie’s work with radiation and the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry that followed opened the door of possibilities for women wishing to pursue

Legal Implications Of Todays School Climate Are Real

Legal implications in today’s school climate are real. Regardless of proactive training methods, the necessity of having a legal confidant at the disposal central administration office cannot be denied. From employment discrimination laws, Americans with Disabilities Act, Title IX, and a slew of individual student issues, having a retained law firm available to the superintendent and related staff is a necessary practice. Andrew Manna represents a variety of school districts around Indianapolis and surrounding areas, as a school and education law attorney. While the focus of Andrew’s presentation was on the current legal and trial trends on a national and local level, the message was clear; districts and central office staff cannot†¦show more content†¦All of the topics addressed during Andrew’s presentation are valid areas that all districts and central office staff need to attend to, specifically Employment Discrimination Laws (EEOC), workplace bul lying provisions and policies, harassment (peer to peer), Office of Civil Rights, transgender issues and social media. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is probably the area that Andrew presented that I was least familiar with. Understanding the process to follow once a complaint is filed tangible information, but using that knowledge to set up proactive systems is even more powerful. Composed of a variety of areas of enforcement:  ¬ Title VII – prohibits discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex.  ¬ Pregnancy Discrimination Act (part of Title VII)  ¬ Equal Pay Act – prohibits payment of different wages to men and women if they perform substantially the same work in the same workplace  ¬ Age Discrimination in Employment Act  ¬ Americans with Disabilities Act  ¬ Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 EEOC Regulations – 29 CFR 1600 et. seq. must be reviewed and followed in the district’s hiring procedures,

Disadvantages of being a Mail Carrier free essay sample

Believe it or not, there are several disadvantages of being a mail in todays society such as a lot of exercising, dangers in walking through other peoples yard, and the bulk of mail during the holidays. People Just dont realize the things mail carriers have to endure to deliver them their mail. The Job can be very stressful at times. But through it all, they realize there is one main goal that goal is to give people their mail in an orderly and timely manner. One disadvantage of being a mail carrier is a lot of exercising.They are on very trick time in getting to every mail box so there Job may get as serious as Jogging or running to stay on time if they get behind schedule. Even though they may stay on time, all of the exercise could cause major health problems that they have such as asthma, back pain, cramps, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Disadvantages of being a Mail Carrier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Additionally, did you know that delivering mail is not as simple as driving up too mail box and putting the mail in the box? It can get as complex as leaving your car at the end of the street and walking door to door. Why do they do this?Because in several neighborhoods in the U. S. The mail box is on the arch. It is easier to Just walk door to door, rather than waste gas driving from house to house. Speaking of going door to door, this can be very dangerous because carriers have to walk in other people yards in order to get to the mail box. You may think, well, what is so dangerous about this? There are a number of things that could happen while walking in someone elses yard. For example, a mall carrier could trip over a branch and harm their selves since they may be in a rush.The residents could harm them because theyre mad about their mall or some other random problem. But the most common thing is dog attacks. According to research, mall carriers have a 5% or 1 out of 20 chance of getting attacked by a dog. This may not seem Like a high percentage but when you think about It, It Is considering every 20 houses they go to they may be greeted by a raging dog. Another disadvantage of being a postal worker Is the Increased volume of mall In the holidays. Mall carriers are working their hardest between Deck. And Jan. For several reasons. One reason Is people are busy mailing In their returns for tax season. Another reason Is Its Christmas time. Being this time of the year, we know that people all over the world are busy trying to get gifts to their families and friends. So how does the USPS handle the rise In mall? They make their workers work longer shifts so that the mall can get delivered on time despite Increased quantity. As you can see, It Is not as easy as everyone thinks delivering people their mall. This Is why the local, state, and national government are trying to make mall carriers Jobs easier.One way Is by hilling more workers to work during the holidays. Another way Is by putting mall boxes at the end of the drive way to make It easier and safer to distribute mall. This will make mall carriers Job of delivering mall effortless and also help them maintain safety by not walking up to peoples yard. These things will help lead to more desires and advantages of being a mall carrier. Walking in someone elses yard. For example, a mail carrier could trip over a branch because theyre mad about their mail or some other random problem. But the most common thing is dog attacks.According to research, mail carriers have a 5% or 1 out f 20 chance of getting attacked by a dog. This may not seem like a high percentage but when you think about it, it is considering every 20 houses they go to they may be Another disadvantage of being a postal worker is the increased volume of mail in the holidays. Mail carriers are working their hardest between Deck. And Jan. For several reasons. One reason is people are busy mailing in their returns for tax season. Another reason is its Christmas time. Being this time of the year, we know So how does the USPS handle the rise in mail?They make their workers work longer hafts so that the mail can get delivered on time despite increased quantity. As you can see, it is not as easy as everyone thinks delivering people their mail. This is why the local, state, and national government are trying to make mail carriers jobs easier. One way is by hiring more workers to work during the holidays. Another way is by putting mail boxes at the end of the drive way to make it easier and safer to distribute mail. This will make mail carriers Job of delivering mail effortless and also lead to more desires and advantages of being a mail carrier.

Postcolonial Literature an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Postcolonial Literature - Historical, Political and Cultural contexts Generally, ideologies of nation and nationalism together with theories of modernity and postcoloniality are explained through the recordings of history in all their political, economic, cultural, historical, and archeological implications. It is the analyses of these implications that postcolonial scholars find useful in holding empire accountable, if not for anything else, at least for querying history. Romila Thapar in "The Past and the Prejudice" foregrounds the intellectual impetus behind the colonial method of writing history. She begins by saying: Need essay sample on "Postcolonial Literature - Historical, Political and Cultural contexts" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Often Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my friends Essay writer professionals suggest: Get Help In Writing An Essay Buy College Papers Buy Written Essays Online Assignment Help Buy Essays Cheap There is a qualitative change between the traditional writing of history and history as we know it today. The modern writing of history was influenced in its manner of handling the evidence by two factors. One was the intellectual influence of the scientific revolution, which resulted in an emphasis on the systematic uncovering of the past and on checking the authenticity of historical facts. The other was the impact on the motivation of history by the new ideology of nationalism, with stress on the notion of a common language, culture and history of a group. Indeed, historical studies the world over have assumed special significance in proving the background of nationalism. Thapar also acknowledges that the Enlightenment agenda and the European mode of writing the nation in tracing nationalist trajectories were structurally manipulated to fashion the history of the colonized peoples. Going beyond such an overtly fictive telling, the Subaltern Studies Group argues that there is another layer of colonial domination by showing that historiography of newly emergent nations (as in the writing of nation/nationalist struggles) borrows heavily from pejorative, imperial methods to often ignore, even delete subaltern historiography in order to privilege elitist, official versions. In fact, this argument echoes one of Frantz Fanon's most brilliant insights, wherein he excavated and scrutinized the damaged psyche of the colonized people to show how the native mirrors the desires of the colonizer. Recently, in "Absences in History" Aloka Parasher has foregrounded that debate by posing a challenge to scholarship which relies on poststructural vocabulary to decode colonization and re-encode a new historiography. She says that in our new post-modern consciousness we apparently privilege the margins of the past by constructing a new difference of the other "other" which has all the elements of heterogeneity, multivocality, and open-endedness, but the space and item where these margins of the past meet are the center of history... In a study of pre-modern society [colonized nations] then, where history as we understand it today was an alien concept, we privilege a modern notion of history [that of a de-colonized nation] and all that it entails so that it becomes central, and the object of study to remain distant and marginal. Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses presents a cacophony of voices, most of them "unfamiliar," a polyphonic babble contesting the right to speak. Far from valorizing "verse" and its ideology, The Satanic Verses demonizes it. This text asserts the centrality of the margins, transgressing and interrogating boundaries of genre, class, time, traditions, geography. If Vikram Seth Golden Gate is Barthes' comfortable "text of pleasure," The Satanic Verses is Barthes' "text of bliss": Text of pleasure: the text that contents, fills, grants euphoria; the text that comes from culture and does not break with it, is linked to a comfortable practice of reading. Text of bliss: the text that imposes a state of loss, the text that discomforts (perhaps to the point of a certain boredom), unsettles the reader's historical, cultural, psychological assumptions, the consistency of his tastes, values, memories, brings to a crisis his relation with pleasure. Rushdie's text is indeed discomforting. The loss it imposes is the loss of familiar aesthetic pleasures: truth is neither beauty, nor beauty necessarily truth, and you need to know much, much more than that in this life. Indeed, if we are to trust this novel, truth and beauty and being are all provisional and precarious. It is not surprising, then, that Rushdie's work has become more a historical icon than an aesthetic artifact. As he writes of a character in Midnight's Children, he is "handcuffed to history" (a fine phrase later used by Uma Parameswaran in titling an essay about Rushdie work). When the furor over The Satanic Verses and the Ayatollah's fatwah was at its height, it was commonly said that The Satanic Verses was the most talked-about novel that was never read. The implications of this statement are double: first, that it is primarily a political, not an aesthetic, document; and second, that it is, as some critics stated at the time, unreadable, perhaps even not a "good" book. That is, it does not deliver pleasure in the comfortable and comforting aesthetic codes we know and to which we respond. Indeed, the novel may refuse to allow the kinds of pleasure that The Golden Gate provides. But Verses has embedded within it other semiotic codes of pleasure: the codes of literary realism, as we can see in the multiplicity of detail, as well as in the insistence on history. In addition, many critics have commented on Rushdie's work as embodying magical realism, or as being postmodernist in its metafictionality. Still other critics have demonstrated the literary and linguistic playfulness with which Rushdie entertains, teases, and pleases the reader. My point in bringing up such well-known literary categories as "literary realism," "magical realism," and "postmodernism" is again to ask us to focus on the uses of the aesthetic in the genre of the postcolonial. Rushdie's politics, his particularity of place, ethnicity, race, his evocation of the frightening "Other reader," do not come exclusive of aesthetic technique. Nor is that aesthetic merely a matter of ornamental decoration. Rushdie's text makes enormous claims to the experience and the discourse of the aesthetic, in o rder to claim its power and its moral force for itself. Rushdie's text, no less than Seth's, sets out to give pleasure. But the nature of those pleasures are different. One way of expressing that difference is in Barthes' terms, the comforting text of pleasure and the discomforting text of bliss. But this structure has an in-built hierarchical ranking--pleasure as lesser than bliss--with which I'm uneasy. Another way, perhaps, of expressing the difference of pleasure might lie in the difference between two of the definitions of the aesthetic that I used at the beginning of this paper: pleasure as evoked by formal expression, and the pleasure evoked by the expression of being of a particular social identity. I would reverse the categories of "minor" and "major" as Jameson uses them in his essay. While Seth's novel makes claims to being major by drawing upon the familiar pleasures of the aesthetic, it is, finally, "minor" because, in making an aesthetic claim to pleasure on primarily literary, formal grounds, it reinscribes the traditional separation of art and politics as forever separate. This is a fairly small, exclusive stage for the operation of the aesthetic experience. In some sense, Rushdie's novel, too, could be called "minor," but in a different sense, and a political sense. JanMohamed and Lloyd speak, not of being minor, but of becoming minor, that is of deliberately choosing to ally oneself with the groups of those who are historically disenfranchised, racial and ethnic minorities, women of all races and ethnicities, all the groups characterized by "difference" from the dominant classes: "'Becoming minor' is not a question of essence . . . but a question of position: a subject-position that in the final analysis can be defined only in 'political' terms--that is, in terms of the effects of economic exploitation, political disenfranchisement, social manipulation, and ideological domination on the cultural formation of minority subjects and discourses". To use this definition of "minor" for Rushdie's work is to follow Jameson's separation of the aesthetic and the political, to perceive the formal properties of Rushdie's text as "flaws" that detract from its provision of pleasure, and, finally, to see it as primarily political rather than aesthetic. But Rushdie's work makes forceful claims for its own aesthetic status. Unlike Seth's, it does not make a singular claim to the pleasures of aesthetic form. Rather, it makes plural aesthetic claims: it chooses to "become minor," in JanMohamed and Lloyd's sense, discomforting us with the expression of "minor" identities, with its "political" identity. But it simultaneously assaults us with formal, aesthetic demands on our attention; that is, it insists on its "artistic" identity. In doing so, it refuses to allow us, as readers, to safely separate art from politics, private from public, experience from knowledge, our private selves from the body politic. This gives it a more expansive, more inclusive stage to operate as a verbal artifact, as a piece of literary artifice: both art and politics, both aesthetics and history, both personal and collective. Here, the pistol shots neither replace nor compete with the concert: they are an integral part of the music. In other words, Rushdie Satanic Verses forces us to reformulate Jameson "Freud versus Marx" as "Freud is Marx"--and this may make it a "major" work, after all. Rushdie's work also suggests the ways in which history has perpetually undermined that dream of wholeness, leaving behind a "deep disorder," a legacy of cultural violation and dependency. The fully autonomous identity for which his characters yearn remains impossible; and the mimicry of other peoples and other values becomes inevitable. Rushdie's work stands as a later moment in both the literature and the historical process of decolonization; he takes what Bhabha describes as that "separation from origins and essences" as his starting point. In attempting to define an independent India's "national longing for form," he uses what: he terms a "historically validated eclecticism" to mount an attack on "the confining myth of authenticity" itselfan attack located in the very ground of his work's language. The most important writer that Anglophone South Asia has yet produced, Rushdie remakes English into a new Indian language called "Angrezi," in a move that at once destabilizes the imperial idea of a standard English to which one must conform and challenges the nativist assumption that there's only one "good, right way" to be Indian. For Paul Scott India provided the mausoleum for "the last two great senses of public duty we [British] had as a people . . . the sense of duty that was part and parcel of having an empire"--the duty, once having taken possession of India, to govern it responsibly and well--"and the sense of duty so many of us felt that to get rid of it was the liberal human thing to do." In literary terms the first approximates to Kipling and the second to Forster. Yet the dichotomy between them no longer seems so clear. They disagree as to what ought to be done about imperialism, but the rhetoric through which each writer depicts India is many ways the same. Both, for example, see the Raj as outside history; both are subject to what the historian Francis Hutchins calls "the illusion of permanence" on which the Raj depended. Nevertheless, Scott's distinction between those "two great senses of public duty" remains a good one, and his own achievement in The Raj Quartet ( 1966- 1975) lay in synthesizing the work of his predecessors to show how those duties came inevitably into conflict. From Scott the rhetoric of English India leads to the work of the two major novelists of the Indian diaspora, Rushdie and the Trinidadian Hindu V. S. Naipaul; a brief comparison of their work will provide this chapter's conclusion. Other important novels have of course emerged from England's engagement with empire in other parts of the globe. One thinks especially of Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea ( 1966), and Timothy Mo's historical novel about the founding of Hong Kong, An Insular Possession ( 1986), not to mention the national literatures of Australia or Nigeria or South Africa. Yet nowhere was the British literary encounter with imperialism so complex, or of so sustained a quality, as in India, the oldest and most important of Britain's conquered territories; hence this chapter's emphasis. But the British novel of Africa is also important, and its terms differ in interesting ways from those in which the British saw India. Before turning to Naipaul and Rushdie, we will therefore pause to examine some of its major motifs. According to Ahmad, postcolonial theory subsequently favors the work of the migrant intelligentsia of Third World origin based in the West. Said and his followers are taken to task for assuming that writers like Salman Rushdie (to whom Ahmad is consistently hostile) represent the authentic voice of their countries of origin. Instead, Ahmad locates them within the politically dominant class fraction of their host society, to which texts like Shame, like postcolonial theory itself, are in the first instance deemed to be addressed. Ultimately, Ahmad implies, a lot of such work needs to be placed within metropolitan discursive traditions such as Orientalism and Ahmad takes Said severely to task for failing to see how a text like Satanic Verses belongs to a long tradition of anti-Islamic sentiment in the West. When Third World culture 'proper' is addressed in postcolonial theory, Ahmad argues, most attention is given to those texts which 'answer back' to imperial and neo-colonial culture--for instance, the fictional ripostes to Heart of Darkness by figures as diverse as Chinua Achebe, Wilson Harris and Tayib Salih. According to In Theory, this attention to work that has been, in a crucial sense, interpellated by Western culture simply reinforces the traditional relationship between centre and periphery which underlay all discourse, political and cultural, of the colonial period. There is thus a damaging tendency 'to view the products of the English-writing intelligentsia of the cosmopolitan cities as the central documents' of the national literature of the country in question. In the process those aspects of Third World culture which are most genuinely independent of metropolitan influences and of allegiance to the national bourgeoisie, such as literatures written in regional Indian languages, are either neglected or ignored. Resources Ahmad, "Literary Theory and Third World Literature: Some Contexts", In Theory, pp. 68-9. Procter, J. (ed.) (2000) Writing Black Britain 1948-1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology,Manchester: Manchester University Press. Rushdie, S. (1988) The Satanic Verses, London: Viking Penguin. Rushdie, S. (1991) Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981-1991, London: Granta/ Penguin. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Vintage, 1978. Thapar, Romila. "The Past and the Prejudice." New Delhi: National Book Trust of India, 1980.